WHAT IS THE 14TH AMENDMENT? Section Four of 14th Amendment, adopted after the 1861-1865 Civil War, states that the "validity of the public debt of the United States ... shall not be questioned." Historians say that aimed to ensure the federal government would not repudiate its debts, as some former Confederate states had done. But the clause has been largely unaddressed by the courts, and legal experts disagree about what it requires from Congress and the presidency. Some, like Cornell University law professor Michael Dorf, say the "least unconstitutional" option would be for Biden to act on his own to protect the integrity of the national debt. "That would mean borrowing money," he said. Any action by Biden would surely prompt a lawsuit.
WHO COULD SUE OVER THE DEBT CEILING? It's not clear who could bring a case. It could be difficult for any plaintiff to prove they had been harmed by the action — a legal concept known as "standing." The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1997 that individual lawmakers do not have standing to file such lawsuits, but Congress could potentially vote to say that it had been collectively harmed. The high court could also opt to hear a challenge in the interest of quickly resolving the issue, as they have done with Biden's move to cancel $430 billion in student debt. Any case would be in uncharted legal territory. The Supreme Court has ruled on the public-debt clause only once, in a 1935 challenge to Democratic President Franklin Roosevelt's decision to take the United States off the gold standard. The court ruled that the plaintiff, a bondholder, did not have standing to file the case. Biden and Congress, meanwhile, would be under tremendous pressure to resolve the issue quickly - meaning any case might be irrelevant before it reaches the court.
WHERE DOES THE WHITE HOUSE STAND ON THE 14TH AMENDMENT? The last time this was a front-burner issue in Washington in 2011 and 2013, prominent Democrats like former President Bill Clinton urged then-President Barack Obama to invoke the 14th Amendment. But White House aides said they did not believe they had the legal authority to do so. Biden on Sunday said he believed he did, but there was not enough time for that strategy to pay off before June 1, when the Treasury Department has warned that the government may not be able to pay all its bills. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen sounded a similar note on Sunday.
HOW WOULD MARKETS REACT IF BIDEN USES THE 14TH AMENDMENT? Administration officials and economists have said that a default triggered by a debt-ceiling breach would roil the world financial system and plunge the United States into recession. That immediate catastrophe might be avoided if Biden invoked the 14th Amendment. But investors nevertheless could be spooked by the drama and demand higher interest rates to reflect the increased risk while the legal issues played out. (Reporting by Andy Sullivan and Jacqueline Thomsen; Editing by Scott Malone, Lisa Shumaker and Grant McCool)
