Automakers can't go green without having sufficient quantities of the lithium, nickel and cobalt that make the batteries work.
Fear of missing out, quite literally, is generating an industry-wide shift to investing directly in the mining sector to ensure future supplies of the battery inputs.
General Motors Co has announced a $650-million investment in Lithium Americas Corp to help fund development of the Thacker Pass project in Nevada.
GM gets exclusive rights to 40,000 tonnes per year of lithium from a domestic mine, which is key to qualifying for the EV subsidies available under the Inflation Reduction Act.
Carmakers have already been busy tying up supplies of battery metals under direct off-take agreements with existing metals producers.
Now they are getting into the business of actually digging the mines, or at least helping with the finance.
The investment rush has until now largely played out in the lithium sector but French-Italian carmaker Stellantis has just pivoted into copper with an investment in an Argentinian project.
COPPER PIVOT Stellantis, the third largest automotive group by sales, will pay $155 million for a 14.2% stake in McEwen Copper, a subsidiary of Canada's McEwen Mining , which owns the Los Azules project in Argentina. The deposit, ranked in the top 10 global undeveloped copper resources by Mining Intelligence, is expected to yield 100,000 tonnes per year of refined cathode from its anticipated start date in 2027.
The automaker's investment comes with an option to purchase the mine's output at a ratio equivalent to its equity ownership. With the help of existing shareholder Nuton, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto , and its copper leaching technology, McEwen is aiming to make the mine carbon-neutral by 2038, adding to the project's green credentials.
Copper is an often forgotten component of EV batteries, but it plays a critical role as a current collector. All battery chemistries require copper, albeit to varying degrees. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries, a burgeoning part of the EV market, need around 50% more copper than nickel-manganese-cobalt, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Outside of the battery pack copper is also used in the electric motor, the busbar and in what can be up to a mile of internal wiring.
The amount of copper used in a typical battery electric vehicle is 83 kilograms, compared with just 23 kilograms in an internal combustion vehicle, according to the International Copper Association.
FEAR OF FALLING SHORT Stellantis' leap upstream in the copper processing chain follows similar deals with Germany's Vulcan Energy for lithium and Australia's Element 25 for manganese.
The copper investment has the same strategic rationale, one of "ensuring strategic supplies of raw materials necessary for the success of the Company's global electrification plans", to quote Stellantis. Automakers' collective move into the mining sector has so far largely prioritised the lithium sector, where Western companies have been playing catch-up with Chinese investors.
Lithium supply is struggling to scale up at the speed required to meet accelerating demand from battery-makers. Even with a recent pullback in the spot Chinese market, the price of lithium carbonate has risen seven-fold since the start of 2021.
Where lithium is today, copper could be tomorrow, if you believe Glencore , which has warned of a cumulative shortfall of 50 million tonnes by 2030 under the IEA's net zero emissions pathway.
Imminent shortfall has been part and parcel of the copper narrative for many years, largely due to poor visibility on future project time-lines.
However, this time could be different given the sector's chronic under-investment in new mine capacity. Producers have been collectively scarred by the experience of the 2000s, when they spent heavily on new mines only to see the copper price slide steadily lower over the first half of the 2010s.
Capital expenditure in the sector slumped, miners opting to return cash to shareholders rather than dig more big copper mines. It hasn't recovered despite the pick-up in the copper price from a cycle low of $4,318 per tonne in 2016 to $9,000. Current guidance "points toward 34% less growth capex deployed in nominal terms between 2022-2026 than was deployed over the same time frame during the early-mid 2000's," according to Goldman Sachs. ("Copper: The end of surplus", Dec. 6, 2022).
If copper producers remain too wary of investing in future supply growth, automotive capital may be the answer. It is already a key enabler in the build-out of lithium, nickel and manganese production capacity.
BACK TO THE FUTURE The automotive sector is driving back to the future, the new rush to take control of supply chains an echo of Henry Ford, who famously bought iron and steel operations to supply the iconic River Rouge complex in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford's ambition to own the full automotive supply chain from mine to product was driven by the raw material shortages created by the first world war.
The company's modern-day successors are faced with the same raw materials shortfall across the battery metals spectrum. If they could have sourced their metals using their favoured horizontal supply chain model, they would have done.
But so intense is the competition for battery metals and so entrenched the dominant Chinese operators that Western automotive companies have little choice but to invest directly in the next generation of supply projects.
However, the move upstream comes with plenty of potential pitfalls. Greenfield mines have a history of running late and over budget, particularly when they are experimenting with new processing technology such as is being deployed at many lithium projects.
It's worth remembering that Henry Ford's vertical integration model wasn't always successful.
The Brazilian rubber plantations, intended to supply latex for tire production, were plagued by poor yields and bad relations with the local workforce. It didn't help that Ford initially insisted on a Midwestern diet and participation in events such as square-dancing.
However, even after the rules were relaxed and the operations transferred to a more promising site, Ford's Brazilian dreams were overtaken by the invention of synthetic rubber.
Ford ended up selling the assets back to the Brazilian government for just $250,000 without having achieved a commercially viable operation. It's a useful reminder that going upstream can be a high-risk business for even the biggest automotive companies.
The opinions expressed here are those of the author, a
columnist for Reuters.
(Editing by Kirsten Donovan)
